The Physics of Speech. Zipf, G. Yule, G. Yule, P. Hoffman, J. Damico — [J]. Answer to the activity 4: These words were spelt incorrectly: Table 1: earrings, shoes, jeans, jacket, trousers. Table 3: red, blue, purple, orange, white. Table 4: chair, cupboard, table, washing machine, curtains. Table 5: beautiful, hungry, expensive, interesting, unpleasant. Table 6: twenty, twelve, one hundred, fifteen, ninety nine.
From the practical point of view it is convenient to distinguish two types of speech sounds: vowels and consonants. A vowel is a voiced sound produced in the mouth with no obstruction to the air stream. The air stream is weak. The tongue and the vocal cords are tense. A consonant is a sound produced with an obstruction to the air stream. The organs of speech are tense at the place of obstruction. In the articulation of voiceless consonants the air stream is strong, while in voiced consonants it is weaker.
If you think about the patterns in all the languages you know and what kind of patterns they exhibit, you will probably soon realise that no language is composed simply of either vowels or consonants, but that there has to be some kind of alternation between them. The rhyme itself can either consist of a single peak1 or a peak followed by a closing consonantal element called a coda.
English accents differ mainly in vowels; the consonants are more or less the same wherever English is spoken. So if your vowels are not perfect you may still be understood by the listener, but if the consonants are imperfect there may be some misunderstanding.
On the articulatory level the consonants change: 1. In the degree of noise noise consonants — sonorants ; 2. In the manner of articulation it is determined by the obstruction: complete — the organs of speech are in contact and the air stream meets a closure in the mouth or nasal cavities; incomplete — the active organ of speech moves towards the point of articulation and the air stream goes through the narrowing between them; and momentary ; 3.
In the place of articulation it is determined by the active organ of speech against the point of articulation. Vowels are sounds of pure musical tone while consonants may be either sounds in which noise prevails over tone noise consonants or sounds in which tone prevails over noise sonorants fig. An obstruction is formed in the articulation of sonorants as well, but the air passage is wider than in the formation of noise consonants. The air stream is weak and it produces very little friction.
That is why in the articulation of sonorants tone prevails over noise. Voice Noise Fig. This division is based on the stability of articulation. A monophthong is a pure unchanging vowel sound.
A diphthong is a complex sound consisting of two vowel elements pronounced so as to form a single syllable. In the pronunciation of a diphthong the organs of speech start in the position of one vowel and glide gradually in the direction of another vowel, whose full formation is generally not accomplished.
The first element of an English diphthong is called the nucleus. It is strong, clear and distinct. The second element is rather weak. It is called the glide. These vowels are called diphthongised vowels, or diphthongoids. In the vowel production the tongue may move horizontally forward and backward and vertically up and down. The English monophthongs may be classified according to the following principles: I.
According to the tongue position. According to the lip position. According to the length of the vowel. According to the degree of tenseness. Stability of Monophtongs Dipht articulation — 12 hongs —8 2. Vertical movement 6. Swan swam over the sea, swim, swan, swim; swan swam back again, well swam, swan. Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you. It only doubles trouble, and troubles others too.
Practise reading the word-contrasts below at normal conversational speed teacher controls, explains and helps if necessary to maintain proper pronunciation. How do you pronounce the -o- correctly? Write the words into the correct column: no, now, brown, clothes, window, yellow, go, over, radio, road. Animals in hiding Find the animals hiding in the following sentences. Example: Close the door at once!
That will be a real help. I made a Xerox copy of it. She came late every day. She clothes naked babies. He came to America At last, I, Gerald, had won. Was Pilar mad, ill or glad? Eric owes me ten cents. That man ate eleven 5. We made errors in each cookies. Your comb is on the table. Do good workers He regrets having said 8.
Is it the sixth or seventh? When I withdrew, Al In April I only came once. He called Mikko a lazy boy. Q: What letter of the alphabet is an insect? Get ready to speculate on the topic «English vowels and consonants: differences in pronunciation and functions». Create the table that represents English vowels and consonants and suggest 10 words to illustrate each letter.
Make a chart «Classification of English consonants according to the degree of noise, the manner of articulation, the work of vocal cords and the force of articulation». Why do people often misunderstand each other? What factors, to your mind, can improve or impair the process of information transmission?
Discuss the role of information in human life. What is a vowel sound? What is a consonant sound? What are the differences between vowels and consonants? What does the articulation of a sound consist of? What principles of classification do you know? What is the quality of a vowel determined by? What criteria are used for the classification of vowels?
What are English vowels subdivided into? Comment on the terms monophthong, diphthong and diphthongoid. English consonants. Cunado, A. Kreidler, W. Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. International Student Edition. Tench, P. Vaughan-Rees, M. Answer to the activity 5: 1. Vowel Digraphs and Consonant Digraphs The notion of the syllable intuitively seems to be a very simple one.
A syllable is a basic unit of written and spoken language. It is a unit consisting of uninterrupted sound that can be used to make up words. For example, the word hotel has two syllables: ho and tel. The number of syllables that you hear when you pronounce a word is the same as the number of vowels sounds heard. There are six different kinds of syllables in English: 1. Closed Syllables: A closed syllable has one and only one vowel, and it ends in a consonant. Examples include in, ask, truck, sock, stretch, twelfth, and on.
Open Syllables: An open syllable has one and only one vowel, and that vowel occurs at the end of the syllable. Examples include no, she, I, a, and spry. Silent-E Syllables: A silent-e syllable ends in an e, has one and only one consonant before that e, and has one and only one vowel before that consonant. Examples include ate, ice, tune, slope, strobe, and these.
Vowel Combination Syllables: A vowel combination syllable has a cluster of two or three vowels or a vowel- consonant unit with a sound or sounds particular to that unit. Examples include rain, day, see, veil, pie, piece, noise, toy, cue, and true.
Vowel-R Syllables: A vowel-r syllable is one which includes one and only one vowel followed by an r, or one vowel followed by an r which is followed by a silent e, or a vowel combination followed by an r. Examples include car, or, care, ire, air, and deer. Consonant-L-E Syllables: In these syllables, a consonant is followed by le. The vowel sound in these syllables is the schwa sound that occurs before the l.
Examples include -ble, -cle, -dle, -fle, and -gle. A pair of letters representing a single speech sound, such as the ph in pheasant or the ea in beat. Digraphs can be of two kinds: consonant digraphs and vowel digraphs.
As you will see form the table below, the situation is much less straightforward for the realisations of vowel graphemes or digraphs. This table represents an attempt to illustrate the diversity of possible realisations that exists for the various accents of English as spoken by native speakers and is mainly intended to raise your awareness concerning this issue. It should by no means be seen as exhaustive and will certainly be more accurate in its representation of the potential realisations of British English, although North American, Australian and New Zealand accents are also covered to some extent, without being referred to explicitly.
This distinction is particularly important because we unfortunately tend to use the same terms, i. But of course, in terms of vowel sounds, this rendition does not actually even cover the simple vowels, which the single grapheme correspondences would seem to suggest. Where a potential doubling of graphemes may be possible without causing a gemination i.
A big black bug bit a bit black bear, a big black bear bit a big black bug. A sailor went to sea to see what he could see, and all that he could see, was sea, sea, sea.
Here is a list of 25 words. Put them into the correct column according to their vowel sounds. Use the left-hand side of the columns. Course, pause, fur, bury, caught, sauce, bruise, peal, key, heard, bread, isle, sight, sword, crews, waste, rain, floor, raise, sees, praise, paste, suite, hall.
As you know, English spelling is not phonetic, so words can rhyme when their spelling is very different. Think of the words that rhyme with our list use the right-hand side of the columns.
There are several different ways of pronouncing -ea-. Look at the examples in the boxes. Words given in italics have two meanings and two pronunciations. Diphthongs are two vowel sounds which run together. All these words in phonetic script contain diphthongs.
Transcribe them. Read the poem aloud. Write the number next to the correct sound. Hidden names The names of four people in this family are hidden in the words.
Find the common sound in each list of words. Then join these sounds together to find the name. Q: What starts with E, ends with E and only has one letter? A: An envelope. In order to achieve this, try to make use of what we have learnt about the tongue positions and how they are indicated on the vowel chart. Try to identify regular or semi-regular patterns, paying particular attention to the environment each example occurs in terms of surrounding consonants, as well as aspects of morphology.
Think about how you would syllabify the word bottle and justify your reasoning. Can you think of any other example words that are similar? Check to see how many syllables you would have in your pronunciation of the word extra. Go through the table «Realisation of Consonant Graphemes and Grapheme Combinations digraphs » above and try to find further examples or counter-examples for the individual combinations.
Write a report on the rules of reading vowels in four types of syllables and rules of reading vowel digraphs. Do you find it easy to speak English with other people?
Is it strikingly different from how you interact in your native language? Does the manner in which you speak in class differ from what you display at your leisure time? What is a syllable? What is a digraph grapheme combination? Learn the poem by heart and recite it in a proper way.
Anderson, L. Anderson, P. Hewings, M. Pronunciation Practice Activities. Answer to the activity 7: mother — Joan; father — Charles; daughter — Sheila; son — Matthew. For the English consonants [t, d] the tip not the blade of the tongue should be pressed against the alveolar ridge not the upper teeth.
When they are pronounced the students should be careful to make them strong and aspirated. Ukrainian learners of English may carelessly pronounce [w] instead of [v]. This mistake is a phonological one. To avoid it the mirror should be used to make sure that the upper lip is out of the way. To avoid it the lower lip should be kept out of the way. To get rid of the mistake the tip or the blade of the tongue should not be pressed either against the teeth ridge or the teeth.
If [s, z] are heard remember that the tip should be against the edge of the upper teeth. Learners of English sometimes pronounce the English sound [h] as a very strong sound. They should remember that it occurs only before vowels and is a pure sound of breath, so they must prepare the organs of speech for the articulation of the vowel and breathe the air weakly out of the mouth.
Not to make this mistake you should raise the back of the tongue to the soft palate. The tip of the tongue should not rise at all being kept at the lower teeth. A mirror may help to check the position of the tongue.
Some speakers tend to replace the bilabial sonorant [w] by the English labio-dental, fricative [v]. Not to make the mistake keep the lips well rounded when [w] is pronounced; there should be a glide towards the following vowel.
A thatcher of Thatchwood went to Thatchet a-thatching. Did a thatcher of Thatchwood go to Thatchet a-thatching? Study carefully: here are about most often mispronounced English words «mispronunciation» among them. There are spelling rules in English even if they are difficult to understand, so pronouncing a word correctly usually does help you spell it correctly. Several common errors are the result of rapid speech, so take your time speaking, correctly enunciating each word.
Careful speech and avid reading are the best guides to correct spelling. Old-timer's Alzheimer's While it is a disease of old-timers, disease disease it is named for the German neurologist, Dr. Alois Alzheimer. Antartic Antarctic Just think of an arc of ants an ant arc and that should help you keep the c in the pronunciation of this word. Artic Arctic Another hard-to-see c but it is there. Most of us would give the axe to «aks». Pronounce it correctly and help maintain the disguise.
Had there been a cavalry in Jesus' time, perhaps Calvary would not have been so tragic. Remember, it is the same as «candy date». This should help guys remember how to prepare for dates, too. Carpool Carpal This one is mispronounced and tunnel tunnel misspelled several different syndrome syndrome ways; we just picked the funniest.
Carpal means «pertaining to the wrist». The The Although there are more than one Caucases Caucasus mountain in this chain, their name is not a plural noun. Show your linguistic sensitivity and always pronounce it.
D dialate dilate The i in this word is so long there is time for another vowel but don't succumb to the temptation. Sorry to be the bearer of such bad news. E elec'toral e'lectoral The accent is on the second, not the third, syllable and there is no [i] in it — not «electorial».
By the way, the same applies to «mayoral» and «pastoral». The bad news is, you don't use this prefix on «escape». F Febyuary February We don't like two syllables in succession with an [r] so some of us dump the first one in this word.
Most dictionaries now accept the single [r] pronunciation but, if you have an agile tongue, you may want to shoot for the original.
One solution is to pronounce the [l] as [w] «film» [fiwm], «palm» [pawm] but some prefer adding a vowel in this word. Here is another word, like athlete and film that is often forced to swallow an unwanted vowel. Remember, the i comes after the l, as in related «folio».
The words for a strong point and a stronghold are pronounced the same: fort. H Heineken Heimlich This term is mispronounced in remover maneuver many different ways. This is just or the funniest one we have heard. This is a US oddity generated by the melting pot mixed dialects. Initial [h] is always pronounced outside America and should be in all dialects of English. This one is pronounced «higher archy» and not «high archy». I in in No one can enclose an expression parenthesis parentheses in one parenthesis; at least two parentheses are required.
But back formation isn't needed; we already have «interpret». J jewlery jewelry The root of this word is «jewel» and that doesn't change for either «jeweller» or «jewelry».
Well, that is just the way it is; don't expect rationality from this organization. L lambast lambaste Better to lambaste the lamb than to baste him — remember, the words rhyme. Here the [n] and [y] switch places.
Mind your ns and ys as you mind your ps and qs. Laura law and The sound [aw] picks up an [r] in Norder order some dialects also «sawr» and «gnawr». Avoid it and keep Laura Norder in her place. Look out for it. But don't confuse these discrete words. However, we have to buck up and pronounce them all. The plural stem, live s , is always used: «short-lived», «many-lived», «triple-lived».
M masonary masonry We have been told that masons are most likely to insert a spare vowel into this word describing their occupation but we know others do, too. Don't you. Well, it is because the original should be pronounced «mayo-nnaise».
Just remember: what would mayonnaise be without «mayo»? Don't leave out the third syllable, [a]. Remember, it is accented the same as mischief. Look out for the order of the i and e in the spelling, too — and don't add another i in the ending not mischievious. N nother other Misanalysis is a common type of speech error based on the misperception of where to draw the line between components of a word of phrase.
Not good. Good reason to get it right. O often ofen We have mastered the spelling of this word so well, its spelling influences the pronunciation: DON'T pronounce the t!
This is an exception to the rule that spelling helps pronunciation. We don't need this mispronunciation from «orientation» when we already have «orient».
Ostraya Australia This pronunciation particularly bothers Australians themselves, most of whom can manage the [l] quite easily, thank you. P parlament parliament Although some dictionaries have given up on it, there should be a i after l.
Also, remember that it means «drip down» not «up». It is possible that we simply confuse «pre-«and «per- «since both are legitimate prefixes. It is a Scottish nonce word to which U. Do not confuse this word with «preemptive»; the prefix here is per-. Just be sure you pronounce the vowel when you are speaking slowly. Slow down and pronounce the whole word for maximum clarity and to reduce your chances of misspelling the word. Fitting, no? R realator realtor As you avoid the extra vowel in «masonry», remember to do the same for «realtor», the guy who sells what the mason creates.
We already have a verb «recur» that does the trick. Give yourself a permanent respite from mispronouncing it. S sherbert sherbet Some of the same people who do not like two [r]s in their words can't help repeating the one in this word. By the way, the same applies to alls, as in «Alls I want is to never hear 'alls' again». Don't choke on it. You stamp your feet, too. You can't avoid it here. A supremist would be someone who considers himself supreme. You know there is no one like that.
T tact tack If things are not going your way, do not lose your tact — that would be tactless — but take a different tack. But that, of course, is not the point. Hanging on tenterhooks might leave you tender but that doesn't change the pronunciation of the word.
Tiajuana Tijuana Why make Spanish words more difficult than they already are? Just three syllables here, thank you. Pronounce it right, spell it right. U upmost utmost While this word does indicate that efforts are up, the word is «utmost», a! Pronouncing it correctly will help you spell it correctly.
W wadn't wasn't That pesky s before n again. The article «a» does not fit well with a plural. Elsewhere they should be distinguished. Y yoke yolk Another dialectal change we probably should not call an error: l becomes w or u when not followed by a vowel. Some people just confuse these two words, though. That should be avoided. Z zuology zoology Actually, we should say [zo], not [zu], when we go to the zoo but we'll let that pass. Practise reading the phrases below with the sounds often mispronounced by Ukrainian learners of English.
Do it at normal conversational speed — teacher controls, explains and helps if necessary to maintain proper pronunciation. Make clear distinction between the Ukrainian-English counterparts in the following sets of words.
Comment on the difference [5]. Surelly you know that some words may look or sound similar but have different meaning, belong to different parts of speech. Study carefully these frequently misused words. Find the transcription of all the words to learn to pronounce them properly and use them in the sentences of your own to learn to use them corectly. Add v. Adapt v. To gradually change your behaviour and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation; 2.
To change something to make it suitable for a different purpose — The children are finding it hard to adapt to the new school.
Adopt v. To take someone else's child into your home and legally become its parent; 2. Adept adj. Addition n. Refers to something that is added; 2. The arithmetic operation of summing — This picture is a wonderful addition to my collection.
Edition n. A particular form in which a text especially a printed book is published a paper book edition. English editions ; 3. All of the identical copies of something book, newspaper, magazine, etc. A usually special issue of a newspaper as for a particular day or purpose: Sunday edition, late edition, regional edition ; 4.
A single broadcast of series of radio or television programs 1. Adverse adj. Averse adj. Affect v. Affect n. Effect n. Effect v. Alter v. Altar n. Alternative adj. They sent us an alternative another offer. Alternate adj. Janet and I play tennis through Saturday. David was determined to replace the one member absent regular member of the committee.
She and her brother take turns washing dishes. Assure v. Ensure v. Insure v. Break v. Break n. Brake n. Cent n. Scent n. Scent v. Conscious adj. Conscientious adj. Conscience n. Conscientiousness n. Continuous adj.
Continuous, ever, without interruption, constant; 2. Continual adj. Constant, constant, continual, eternal; 2. Long — The continual barking of the dog kept me awake all night. Incessant barking of the dog keeps me awake all night.
Continued problems with our neighbors have forced us to move to a new home. Descent n downward movement or ancestry — 1. The process of going down; 2. Decrease, decline, decay; 3. Landing; 4. Home — His ski descent down the slope was impressive. My brother's wife is of French origin. Dissent v. Everyone has the right to disagree with the opinions expressed on this site.
Decent adj. Good, with good behavior conduct , modest, honest, honorable; 2. Satisfactory — Susie comes from decent family. Well-known obstacle for young people seeking better Jobs is their lack of experience. Economic adj. Economical adj. Economics n. Eligible adj. She is not appropriate for this work. Illegible adj. Handwriting was so unclear that I could not understand anything. Exceed v. Accede phr. To agree to a demand, proposal etc, especially after first disagreeing with it; 2.
If someone accedes to the throne, they become king or queen — The doctor refused to accede to his patient's request. Queen Mary I. Historic adj. Historical adj. Immigrant n. Emigrant n. Note: The noun forms emigrant and immigrant are derived from the verbs to emigrate and to immigrate.
He immigrated to the United States from Russia. In Russia, he's an emigrant. Lie lay, lain v. Cambridge is located about 50 miles 60 km north of London. Lie lied, lied v. Lay laid, laid v. Please leave the book on the desk. I left keys on the table. Loose adj. Lose v. Loss n. Official adj. Officious adj. Peasant n. Pheasant n. Peek n. Peek v. She peered through the curtains.
Peak n. At last we reached the summit. Pique n. Pique v. This story aroused my curiosity. Piece n. Peace n. Plane n. Plain n. Plain adj. Plain adv. Pour v. Pore n. Pore v. Poor adj.
Prey n. Prey v. Pray v. Principle n. Principal n. Principal adj. Site n. Cite v. Sight n. Sight v. Sights n. Stephen's Cathedral is one of the most famous Viennese sights and was built in Stationery n stationery is a general name given to paper and office supplies; the term «stationery» is frequently used to refer more specifically to paper used for written correspondence — Your «thank you» letter should be written on fine stationery.
Stationary adj. Weather n. Whether conj. When you've seen one shopping centre, you've seen a mall. Make the table of your own to represent more mispronounced English words.
To complete the activity surf the Internet and printed resourses. Use the words in the sentences of your own and be ready to transcribe them. Create a table that represents the main pronunciation mistakes of the Ukrainian and English languages. Write a report on the topics: «What speaking skills must an ideal lecturer possess? Which of them did you like or dislike, and why?
What are common pronunciation mistakes of Ukrainian learners of English in production of consonants? What are typical mistakes of Ukrainian learners in production of vowels? What are the best guides to correct spelling? Baker, A. Ship or Sheep? Besides, the functions of phonemes in all languages, including English and Ukrainian, are common. The main of these functions are: 1 The constitutive function, i. The quantitative representation of consonant sounds and phonemes is different in either of the contrasted languages: in English their number is 24 and in Ukrainian — This knowledge is a good aid both in linguistic analysis and in language teaching; if the learner knows the speech basis of the foreign language it will be easier for him to learn the peculiarities of its sound system and master it.
Differences in the articulation basis of languages including those of English and Ukrainian have not been sufficiently investigated. But the most general and characteristic points of difference between the articulation basis of English and that of Ukrainian in the matter of lip and tongue positions is the general tendency toward retracted position in Ukrainian.
In English the tongue in neutral position lies somewhat farther back than in Ukrainian while the tongue tip has a general tendency to move towards the teeth-ridge, whereas in Ukrainian it tends to move towards the upper front teeth. The result is that most forelingual consonants are alveolar in English and dental in Ukrainian. Ukrainian students of English sometimes palatalize consonants before front and mixed vowels because of the habit of doing so in the native language.
Most of English consonants are pronounced without palatalization. English classification of vowels differs from those of Ukrainian. All English vowels with the exception of diphthongs are generally divided into long and short. The length of vowels influences the meaning of the word. English auxiliary verbs have weak and strong forms depending on whether they are stressed or unstressed. Sometimes the weak form is a contraction.
Yes, he was. Yes, we were. Yes, I can. Where have you been? Some prepositions also have weak and strong vowel sounds. In English the final consonants are strong in order to prevent the phonological mistakes. Oh, swing the king and swing the queen. Robert Rowley rolled a round roll round, A round roll Robert Rowley rolled round.
Read and study carefully the following. These sentences sound very unnatural. Rewrite them in more natural English with contractions where appropriate.
Underline all auxiliaries and prepositions with weak vowel sounds. Write in bold all those with strong vowels.
Example I do not want to see him, but I am sure you want to. Are you? Where were you? The following words end on -s. How do you pronounce this sound correctly? Write the words into the correct column: cars, boys, cages, clocks, scarves, watches, hats, boxes, baskets, rabbits.
The following words end on -ed. How do you pronounce this ending correctly: climbed, liked, cooked, moved, started, worked, showed, answered, waited, collected [t], [d] or [id]. How do you pronounce the -o- in the following words? Write the words into the correct column: sometimes, love, group, does, move, before, divorced, lots, cousin, afternoon. How do you pronounce the letter a in the following words correctly?
Write the words into the correct column: hat, travel, sad, card, dark, bad, stay, bank, garden, plane. A young man comes before a customs agent: A: "State your citizenship". B:"American" pronounced with a Spanish accent. A: "Hold on there, buddy. Say that again". B: "I sed American". A: "I'm going to give you a test". B: "No, no senor, no need for test, I tell you I"m American". A: "Yeah, sure buddy. OK, let's see, I've got it. Make a sentence with the following colors: green, pink and yellow".
B: "Oh senor, I tell you I'm American. But OK, let's see I was at my bruder-in-laws house and the phone went 'green, green, I pinked it up and sed yellow! Study the table «English phonetic system» and add 10 more words with transcription to every line of examples. State why audience analysis is especially important for persuasive speaker. Discuss the role persuasion plays in a free society. Under what circumstances could persuasion be used for harmful purposes? Make presentation on the difference of pronunciation of Ukrainian and English sounds.
What are the main functions of phonemes in all languages? Why is it very important to know the peculiarities of the articulation basis of the foreign language studied and that of one's mother tongue? What are the most general and characteristic points of difference between the articulation basis of English and Ukrainian languages?
Why does English classification of vowels differ from those of Ukrainian? Comment on the main phonological differences of Ukrainian and English languages.
Bowen T. Laroy, C. Press, Naturally, peculiarities of the manners and customs of life in these countries caused new pronunciation aspects due to their geographical remoteness from the classical English. In order to be able to discuss the features of particular accents of English, it is useful to have one or more reference models to compare this accent to. For both of the major dialects of English, the British and the American one, such models exist. However, one has to bear in mind that these models are not really, as is often assumed, based on features such as better intelligibility, etc.
Furthermore, the English Language Teaching ELT and Language Testing industries have always had a major influence on the propagation of certain beliefs about which accents should be preferred over others. British English. The term was originally coined by Daniel Jones and was supposed to reflect the speech of educated Southern schoolboys, i. A more recent and updated, but in parts slightly controversial, description by Clive Upton can be found in the Handbook of Varieties of English.
American English. The reference accent for American English is called General American and is to some extent based on the speech of the more prestigious New England states, but also shows considerable variation. It is therefore often rather defined as an accent with few or no particularly strong regional features. In the unit we consider only American English the form of English used in the United States that includes all English dialects used within the United States of America and British English variants the form of English used in the United Kingdom that includes all English dialects used within the United Kingdom as the most spread.
In this manual we intend to give only a general draft of this question to let students get a general notion of it that is enough to help them deeper realize the nature of different English language phonetics phenomena. This is not a smartphone as you know it. This is a computer suite in your pocket. This is next-level gaming on mobile. Not only does this pen take notes, it translates your handwriting to text, triggers your phone camera to take photos and works as a remote control.
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